Changes in Antipsychotic Medication in Clients of Assertive Community Treatment in Japan: A One-Year Follow Up

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Changes in Antipsychotic Medication in Clients of Assertive Community Treatment in Japan: A One-Year Follow Up

Naoko Satake1 Kyoko Hazama 2 Tamaki Sono, * Open Modal , 3 Makoto Takahashi 4 Junichiro Ito 4
Authors Info & Affiliations
Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health • 19 Jan 2011 • RESEARCH ARTICLE • DOI: 10.2174/1745017901107010001

Abstract

The purpose of the present one-year follow-up study was to describe and investigate the change in the amount of antipsychotic drugs prescribed for ACT (assertive community treatment) clients in Japan. Subjects were 52 clients of ACT from January 2009 to December 2009. Prescription data were collected each month from the time the clients entered into ACT. The results of a Wilcoxon signed-rank test show that the dosage of antipsychotics significantly decreased from 1,131.3 mg to 731.3 mg over the course of the 12 months (Z = -2.505, p = 0.012).

Keywords: Antipsychotics, Assertive Community Treatment, Medication, Japan, Schizophrenia, Community.

INTRODUCTION

High-dose treatments of antipsychotic drugs are not safe because they may cause cardiac arrest and even sudden death [1]. Moreover, treatment with atypical antipsychotics may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome often encompasses medical conditions such as weight gain, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased insulin, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels [2]. Polypharmacy of antipsychotics also can have clear adverse consequences, including early death [3]. Although the importance of simplifying prescriptions has been recognized, polypharmacy for schizophrenia patients remains prevalent [4].

Due to Japan’s long history with a national health insurance system, Japanese patients are usually referred to psychiatric hospitals rather than community treatment. The duration of hospitalization in Japan is generally long and psychiatrists often prescribe multiple antipsychotic drugs. This form of polypharmacy results in higher doses because of the additive effects of two or more antipsychotic drugs prescribed concurrently[5].

Assertive community treatment (ACT) is a well-documented, evidence-based case management program [6]. ACT provides a highly individualized and comprehensive array of services with integrated medical and rehabilitation services delivered by an interdisciplinary team in the community. In May 2003, the first experimental adoption of ACT was initiated in Chiba, Japan [7, 8]. Considering the high doses of antipsychotic drugs prescribed concurrently in Japan, it is important to evaluate the change in antipsychotic medication for clients of ACT.

The purpose of the present one-year follow-up study was to describe and investigate the change in the amount of antipsychotic drugs prescribed for ACT clients.

METHODS

Subject

Study subjects were clients of ACT from January, 2009 to December, 2009. Of the 60 clients of ACT on December 31, 2009, 52 had entered into ACT before January 1, 2009. All 52 clients gave written informed consent to participate in the research.

Setting

The ACT program in this study is operated in a suburban area near Tokyo. The similarity of the ACT program to the original ACT model was measured by the Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Scale (DACTS) [9]. The DACTS consists of 28 items on a 5-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating higher similarity. The average ACT program score for January, 2010 was 4.3. Thus, this appears to be a well-implemented program that is in line with international standards.

The Research Ethics Board of the International Medical Center of Japan approved this study.

Prescription Data

Prescription data were collected each month beginning when the clients entered into ACT and ending 12 months after entry. The average daily dose was established for each antipsychotic medication and converted to the relative potency equivalent of 100 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZeq). Doses equivalent to 100 mg/day of chlorpromazine were 2 mg/day for risperidone and 5 mg/day for olanzapine. These, and the equivalencies of other antipsychotic medications, were based on information published in the literature [10, 11]. Polypharmacy was defined as the co-prescription of two or more antipsychotic medications.

Statistical Analysis

Because the variances of CPZeq were skewed, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to compare them between the baseline and 12 months after baseline. Statistic calculations were performed using PASW 17.0.

RESULTS

The average age of subjects was 44.7 (SD = 11.7) years; 48.1% of clients were male. Psychiatric diagnoses included schizophrenia or a related disorder (39 clients, or 75.0%), affective disorders or a related disorder (8 clients, or 15.4 %), and other disorders (5 clients, or 9.6 %). The average number of hospitalizations before participation in ACT was 4.3 (SD = 3.2). The average length of time clients served in ACT was 36.7 months (SD = 21.7) and 32 out of 52 (61.5%) clients had no experience of admission to the hospital during this period.

Fig. (1) shows the mean, median, and first and third quartiles for the total dosage of antipsychotics received each month between baseline and 12 months after baseline. The total dosage of antipsychotics decreased over the year during which the study took place. The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test show that the dosage of antipsychotics significantly decreased from 1131.3 mg to 731.3 mg (Z = -2.505, p = 0.012) over the course of the 12 months.

Fig. (1).

Change of dosage of antipsychotics (CPZeq).

The results of the Chi square test showed that the number of clients who were receiving dosages of antipsychotics above 1000 mg was significantly decreased from 21 (40.4%) at baseline to 14 (26.9%) at 12 months after baseline (Chi-square = 16.4, p < .001).

At baseline, 27 (54.0%) of the 50 clients were prescribed polypharmacy and at 12 months after baseline 30 (60.0%) clients were prescribed polypharmacy. In terms of prescription patterns, there was no significant difference between these two periods.

DISCUSSIONS

The dosage of antipsychotic drugs for clients of ACT significantly decreased one year after they had been referred to an ACT team. Excessive dosing refers to doses greater than the optimal daily dosage of 1000 mg of chlorpromazine or the equivalent of another antipsychotic [12]. The results showed that the number of clients who received excessive doses was also significantly decreased. These decreases were made possible by the intensive and integrated care of ACT as well as the close communication between the prescriber and the case managers who monitor clients’ daily living in the community setting.

These results should be cautiously interpreted because there are limitations. A major limitation is the lack of control groups and the fact that clinical outcomes of the treatment, such as clients’ symptoms, QOLs, social functioning, or other outcomes, were not evaluated. It is difficult to determine whether the reduction of the dosage of antipsychotic drugs were due to the ACT intervention or some other cause. However, previous results show that ACT effectively reduced the costs of hospital care, while improving outcomes and client satisfaction for people with severe mental illnesses [6, 7]. We suggest that the reduction of antipsychotic drug dosage did not bring about adverse effects for clients. Because we only measured subjects in one ACT program, generalization of these findings is limited; however, ACT programs share a common structure of services based on internationally disseminated standards, and it is possible to apply the findings of this study to other ACT programs.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated a reduction in antipsychotic drug dosage for ACT clients in Japan. We suggest that ACT could have a positive influence for clients trying to recover in the community without an excessive amount of antipsychotic drugs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. NS and KH planned research. NS and MT acquired data. TS analyzed, interpreted data, and drafted the manuscript. JI managed the research project. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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