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Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Dysfunction: Analyzing the Role of Age, Lifestyle, and Neurological Impairments: A Multi-Centric Case-Control Study
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Ines F. Djelleb2
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Ehab M. Ishteiwy3
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Mostafa Meshref4
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Youmna A. Amer5
Jaffer Shah6
Mahmoud Tarek Hefnawy7 , *
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Noha A. Hashim8
Carlos Schönfeldt-Lecuona9
Mohamed E.G. Elsayed9 , 10
Eman F. Ali11
Authors Info & Affiliations
Abstract
Introduction
The effects of COVID-19 extend beyond acute illness, with many survivors experiencing persistent symptoms. This study aimed to determine the frequency and contributing factors of cognitive impairment and other neurological symptoms in COVID-19 survivors four weeks after diagnosis, compared with healthy controls during the pandemic's fourth wave.
Methods
A multicenter case-control study was conducted involving 176 COVID-19 survivors, diagnosed four weeks prior, and 92 healthy controls from Algeria, Egypt, and Libya. Data were collected through interviews using a structured, validated questionnaire administered by a trained physician.
Results
Post-COVID-19 survivors exhibited significant cognitive deficits, chronic fatigue, and sensory impairments (including loss of appetite, taste, smell, and hearing). Cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] score <26) was observed in 57 participants (32.3%), with those affected being older (44.6 ± 16.9 years, P < 0.001) and consuming more junk food (8.6 ± 3.3 servings, P = 0.04). Cognitive disorders were more frequent among females (83.3%), smokers (57.9%), highly educated individuals (76.5%), and married participants (63.7%).
Discussion
The study revealed a substantial burden of cognitive and sensory impairments in post-COVID-19 patients, supporting global observations and emphasizing the need for early screening and lifestyle interventions. The reliance on self-reported data and a case-control design limit causal inference.
Conclusion
Post-COVID-19 survivors showed significant cognitive deficits, fatigue, and sensory impairments. Cognitive impairment was present in 32.3%, with higher prevalence in females, smokers, highly educated individuals, and married participants.