Burnout is a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job. The three key dimensions of this response are overwhelming exhaustion, feelings of cynicism and detachment from the job, and a sense of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment. The significance of this three-dimensional model is that it clearly places the individual stress experience within a social context and involves the person’s conception of both self and others. When the construct of burnout was first proposed in the 1970s, there were arguments that it was not a distinctly different phenomenon but rather a new label for an already known state, i.e., “old wine in a new bottle.” However, there were a lot of differing opinions about the “already known state”. These included job dissatisfaction, anomie, job stress, anxiety, anger, depression, or some combination of the above. For example, one psychoanalytic perspective was that burnout was not distinguishable from either job stress or depression but represented a failure to achieve narcissistic satisfaction in the pursuit of ideals. Diabetes burnout is a mixture of emotions and behaviors where the patients can feel mentally and physically tired from the daily engagement with self-care and experience unconcern about the illness [7]. Patients with T1DM often feel indifference toward illness characteristics, diabetes self-care, and support systems. Patients often describe levels of diabetes burnout ranging from ‘feeling burned out’ to ‘being burned out’ [8]. Four major themes associated with diabetes burnout are: (i) feeling mentally drained and physically tired of dealing with self-care; (ii) experiencing a disconnection from self, diabetes concern, and support systems; (iii) being impotent and paralyzed to get away from diabetes burnout; (iv) potential contributing factors to diabetes burnout. Self-description of diabetes burnout refers to a combination of emotions and behaviors ranging from exhaustion to detachment accompanied by an intense sense of vulnerability and impotence [9]. In patients (age>18 years) with T1DM, burnout is extensively associated with depression and diabetes agony. While measures of diabetes burnout, distress, and depressive symptoms are important predictors of multiple diabetes outcomes, overall diabetes burnout is no longer significantly related to these outcomes after regulating diabetes distress and depressive symptomatology [10]. Type-2 diabetes patients develop various psychological symptoms that, in combination with other stressors, frequently worsen the stress of diabetes and provoke burnout. It has been observed that improved self-understanding and a greater sense of stability can reduce symptoms of burnout, depression, and anxiety [11]. Age is one of the major determinants of chronic and acute diseases, and their effective treatment can decrease the mortality rate [12]. Psychological stress, which follows experiencing stressful life events, can create a modified immune response and maladaptive immune alterations that can last longer than the event and affect the organism long after the discontinuation of stress. Continuous evaluation of the longitudinal kinetics of peripheral white blood cells in response to stressful life events (SLEs) revealed a change in neutrophils and tended to correlate with increased hair cortisol. It has been observed that SLE activates immunological modifications and stimulates a continuous effect on WBC dispensation. This effect might progress subclinical inflammatory procedures and a correlation among stress, burnout, and physical illness [13]. Compassion fatigue is common among diabetes care providers and is associated with a sense of emotional tiredness that caregivers experience during work. Burnout, as a term, suggests a greater degree of empathy fatigue which involves experts’ activities and personal health and may lead to interception of the caring engagement. A caregiver initially may feel difficult to give support but might become overwhelmed by this obligation later on [14]. Burnout syndrome can cause overwork or loss of interest or the incapacity to understand prospects or to change the system, and the tendency to make work the focus of one’s life [15]. Healthcare professionals and patients can suffer equally from burnout. Stress and disappointment with diabetes management can lead to patients’ burnout. Healthcare professionals should be prepared to deal with this barrier and adjust their attitudes toward the patient accordingly [16]. Prediabetes (preDM) and diabetes, as complex conditions, place considerable tension on medical providers. Moreover, physicians’ awareness regarding patient barriers has a positive association with their probability of prescribing metformin for preDM [17]. A reduced prevalence of prediabetes will occur if the rate decreases or if the median duration of the condition decreases. The duration of prediabetes will tend to minimize as a target of increased screening activity because of the re-classification of individuals to normoglycaemia, reducing the prediabetes rate [18]. The association between psychosocial behavior and diabetes management revealed that participants with emotional burnout due to diabetes-related stress showed poor glycemic control (89.4%) compared to the group with low stress (55.6%) [19]. Diabetes is mainly a self-managed disease with a major psychological impact on the lives of patients and their families. The impact of attitudes and illness beliefs as determinants of patients' health behaviors is essential. Misperceptions concerning the severity and proper management of diabetes can slow down the energetic participation of the patient in the treatment, such as unwillingness to start insulin therapy. Finally, increasing negative experiences can result in a state of “learned helplessness” or “diabetes burnout” [20]. Another point of interest is that there is an important difference between couple burnout, sexual claim ability, and dysfunctional sexual viewpoints in women with diabetic and non-diabetic husbands. Women with non-diabetic husbands have a higher average score in sexual assertiveness compared to women with diabetic husbands, whereas in couple burnout and sexual dysfunctional beliefs factors, women with diabetic husbands have a higher average score [21] (Table 1).

Common themes explored in the Diabetes Online Community (DOC) participation include peer support, advocacy, self-expression, seeking and sharing diabetes information, improving approaches to diabetes data management, and humor. A small number of data exist concerning the impact of DOC involvement on glycemic outcomes, but initial research suggests a positive impact on experiences, attitudes toward diabetes, and promises in diabetes management behaviors [22]. Non-adherent behaviors are usually personal factors, such as awkwardness, low self-efficacy, and diabetes burnout, as well as associated factors, such as insufficient social support and unsatisfactory communication with health care providers [23]. Patients with type 2 diabetes can be tested with a real-time continuous glucose monitor (RT-CGM) as an intervention to improve glycemic control and evaluate glucose response patterns. In a clinical trial, data were collected from the first 12 weeks of a 52-week, prospective, randomized trial comparing RT-CGM while implementing self-monitoring of blood glucose in an agenda with five patterns. The patterns were identified that focused on people with higher starting A1Cs, using it short-term (e.g., 2 weeks). Furthermore, it was observed that monitoring for worsening glycemia due to burnout might be the best approach to using RT-CGM in people with type 2 diabetes who do not take prandial insulin [24]. Another important topic is the experience of mothering a child with diabetes when experiencing burnout. In a study, the authors focused on twenty-one mothers of children with T1DM experiencing burnout. It was found that inner feelings derived from an extremely challenging experience of mothering, surrounding involuntary responsibility and stable evaluation [25]. In 21 YouTube videos about diabetes burnout created by parents of children with TIDM, four primary themes were studied related to diabetes burnout in this population: “exhaustion compounded by stress,” “powerlessness to control diabetes,” “grief for the loss of a normal life,” and “coping strategies.” The findings helped to highlight how parents of children with T1DM may experience diabetes burnout and inform about diabetes care and the role of social media in improving family center care [26]. Family-based interventions using optimistic support and behavioral contracts, contact skills and problem-solving training, cooperation about diabetes management goals, and parental participation lead to improved daily practices, glycemic control, and family relations. Group interventions for young people with diabetes aiming to improve their stress management skills have shown positive results in medication compliance, thereby improving glycemic control and quality of life [27]. Exploring the effects of group intervention by estimating changes in self-rated clinical burnout and performance-based self-esteem could be an effective option for individual support for parents of chronically ill children with burnout symptomatology [28]. In a study evaluating 252 parents of children with T1DM for both genders, parental burnout was associated with low social support, lack of free time, financial difficulties and an observation that the child’s illness affects each day with a different degree of gravity. Low self-esteem and a strong need for control and surveillance were observed to be the risk factors for parental burnout. Clinicians must be familiar with parents’ behaviors and concerns as well as psychosocial issues and should consider the daily life circumstances and these parents’ psychological support [29]. The fear of the threat of hypoglycemia (FH) is common in parents of young children with T1DM and is associated with poor adjustment behaviors to avoid low blood glucose, parenting stress, and burnout. Forty-three families of young children with T1DM participated in the study, and 36 completed the Reducing Emotional Distress for Childhood Hypoglycemia in Parents (REDCHiP) intervention. Parents attended 94% of intervention sessions, and commitment to the treatment manual was 89%. Parents that reported positive influences of the REDCHiP intervention stated that their understanding was improved in association with fear alertness, coping strategies, behavioral parenting strategies, and support [30]. In the context of parenting a chronically ill child, the prevalence of burnout symptoms was evaluated in a sample of 252 parents of children with TIDM and 38 parents of children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The results revealed that considerably more parents of children with chronic diseases (36%) scored for clinical burnout compared to parents of healthy children (20%). Burnout symptoms were more pronounced among mothers of children with diabetes than fathers of children with diabetes. However, mothers and fathers of children with inflammatory bowel disease also reported higher levels of various burnout symptoms [31]. Parental Burnout (PB) is a chronic stress-related disorder and also a severe psychopathological condition with negative consequences for parents and children. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a valid biomarker of a variety of chronic stress situations. In this study, authors compared the HCC levels of parents suffering from PB to that of control parents, and the results showed that HCC was 213% higher in parents suffering from PB compared to control parents. Furthermore, HCC was significantly related to PB. The findings suggested that HCC can be measured as a biomarker of PB and emphasized the view that HCC is a biomarker of persistent stress circumstances [32]. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) in adolescents with diabetes T1DM with multi-component interventions with many medical specialties improve glycemic control, and psychosocial outcomes in poorly controlled adolescent T1DM may be helpful. SMAs focus on self-management, contact skills, target setting, glucose pattern acknowledgment, and peer/diabetes team support. SMAs include individual history and medical history, labs, surveys, multidisciplinary educational ice breakers, and group sessions. The results showed that HbA1c worsened in the 9 months before the study but remained stable during the study. There were significant improvements in overall Quality of Life (QOL), school tasks, psychosocial function, barriers, devotion, and communication. SMAs are feasible replacements for individual appointments in adolescent T1DM, stabilizing glycemic control and improving QOL [33]. A qualitative descriptive analysis of questionnaire free-text comments from children, adolescents and carers participating in DEPICTED identified the emotional impact of living with T1DM and how health professionals' communication skills in the clinic affect the patient/carer experience. Healthcare professionals caring for children/adolescents with T1DM and carers need training in patient-centered communication skills [34]. Nurse educators play an important role in supporting women with gestational diabetes mellitus by providing day instruction and support. The nature of a diabetes educator is difficult and stressful, and facing issues of low literacy increases the workload and the stress in their jobs. Work overload renders diabetes nurse educators vulnerable to burnout, and they may require support to manage their increasing work fatigue. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus must be trained in the management of diabetes to decrease the danger of hyperglycaemia for the fetus. Monitoring the progress of specific learning and educational programs is important [35]. Another important issue is whether the psychological distress and the symptoms of burnout, depression, stress and anxiety in parents of children with chronic conditions can be predictable. The 75 parents of children with chronic conditions having burnout symptoms who participated in an intervention study completed measures of burnout, stress, anxiety, depression, experiential avoidance, cognitive defusion, and mindfulness. The authors confirmed the hypothesis on the importance of psychological flexibility as a central factor in understanding the occurrence of psychological distress [36]. It is important to assess barriers to compliance in adolescent patients in order to improve glycemic control in relation to the psychological factors that may affect compliance. The results of the study showed that the subscales that measure stress, exhaustion and autonomy support are also related to glycemic control [37] (Table 2).

In a study involving 677 participants, a systematic follow-up was conducted on male and female employees for 3 to 5 years regarding the possible occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Burnout was assessed by the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure with its three subscales: emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness. The results showed that burnout symptoms were remarkably consistent over the follow-up period, irrespective of changes in place of work and employment status, and 17 workers developed T2DM [38]. Similarly, in another study, burnout was associated with a positive effect on diabetes incontinence, stress and the impact of work on health and the conflict between health and work [39]. A qualitative study evaluated the experiences of healthcare providers in caring for people with diabetes in terms of compliance with the emotions associated with treating people with disabilities, fatigue and the work environment. Diabetes-related distress is described as a part of the caregiving practice in health care providers who treat people with diabetes [40]. In a study involving 1554 primary care clinicians in 172 primary care clinics for patients with depression and diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease, the authors found that a substantial minority (31%) experienced burnout that was associated with lower career satisfaction and also lower satisfaction with the remuneration of resources for the treatment of difficult patients. The majority of clinicians thought that a cooperative model of care would be very supportive for treating complex patients [41]. Acquiring medicare patient supplies is an insignificant issue for health professionals who are called upon to explain why a patient needs to be examined more than 3 times a day, and each must complete documents certifying this need. In the United States, many factors contribute to the exhaustion of doctors due to bureaucracy [42]. The relationship between job burnout and work in relation to self-reported treatment for health conditions (cardiovascular condition, high cholesterol, depression, diabetes, hypertension, and irritable bowel syndrome) was investigated while being controlled regarding age, gender, smoking, and alcohol use. The sample included 7895 South African workers. The results showed that burnout was positively associated with self-reported treatment for depression, diabetes, hypertension, and irritable bowel syndrome. The results of this study demonstrated the relationship between burnout, work and treatment for a health condition. There was also evidence of increased treatment reporting for burnout associated with ill conditions [43]. In the Netherlands, a study highlighted the fact that specialist nursing (e.g., diabetic nursing) is a current trend in many countries. Moreover, the working status of the specialized nurses is further studied. Comparisons were made between 3 different samples: 1204 nurses employed in 15 hospitals, 1058 nurses in 14 nursing homes and 350 diabetic nurses working in other health care centers throughout the Netherlands. Social support and role conflict scored low for diabetes nurses who perceived both role autonomy and uncertainty. Diabetes nurses also scored the highest in terms of basic work motivation and job happiness and the lowest in psychosomatic potency [44]. Nearly 47% of endocrinologists reported symptoms of burnout, and that number is still increasing. The effects of burnout include personal factors, such as stress, depression and suicide risk, as well as managing consequences, such as reduced quality of care, increased clinical errors, reduced patient empathy, reduced patient satisfaction, and higher pay rates, with some doctors leaving work at the end. Exhaustion affects the organizational level and creates high costs associated with the replacement, recruitment, and retraining of endocrinologists. Endocrinologists considered the feeling of lack of appreciation from management, bureaucracy, and low wages as important factors contributing to exhaustion [45]. In another study, researchers examined the association of work stress with diabetes and prediabetes in a sample of German industrial workers. Diabetes and prediabetes were diagnosed with the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c criterion or the fasting plasma glucose criterion. The overall prevalence rates of diabetes and prediabetes were 3.5 and 42.2%, respectively. The results showed that work-related stress was associated with diabetes. Findings suggest that work-related stress is associated with diabetes and prediabetes in German male industrial workers [46]. In another study, the authors analyzed the association of burnout with high demands, low decision range, and work stress with type 2 diabetes. A low sense of cohesion (SOC) (a factor for successful Stress management) is related to T2DM. A study involving 4,821 healthy Swedes found that low decision range was associated with T2DM. A combination of low SOC and low decision latitude was associated with T2DM [47]. Diabetes alone is not related to fatigue and related health complaints. Fatigue is a symptom of the disease and the mental burden associated with self-management of the disease. Workers with non-comorbid diabetes do not experience more fatigue-related complaints than workers without persistent illnesses. Employees with multiple chronic conditions often report fatigue-related complaints [48]. It has been predicted that the majority of endocrinologists in the future will be women. Although job satisfaction remains constant, exposure rates are high in combination with challenges over the course of a career. The common effects of work-related gender segregation and the gender pay gap are predicted to negatively affect the salaries of endocrinologists of both sexes. The under-representation of women in academic leadership has little impact on endocrinology. Gender biases that are evident in patient satisfaction measures can greatly affect endocrinology [49]. Burnout syndrome is associated with frustration and depressive-like symptoms. This common tendency is parallel to the notion of “disintegration” described by Kernberg with a “black and white” perceptual dichotomy between early idealization and subsequent frustration. One study examined the link between burnout syndrome, depression and Kernberg's idea of ​​splitting 132 women health professionals working with a population of diabetics. The study showed that disintegration as a defense mechanism could be an important step in predicting the symptoms of burnout [50]. The correlation between burnout and metabolic syndrome of female nurses is interesting. In one study, the socio-demographic, occupational, anthropometric (weight, waist circumference, blood pressure) and biochemical (glucose, serum lipids) variables were evaluated. The incidence of burnout and metabolic syndrome of 168 nurses was 19.6% and 38.7%, respectively. It is essential to develop strategies to prevent burnout and metabolic syndrome in nurses, especially those who work at night [51]. Job burnout of physicians was found to be associated with less happiness and a greater willingness to leave the profession. Exhaustion is found to be associated with a lack of time, organization, and control. However, it is not associated with poor quality care or error. The quality of patient care is protected but at a high personal cost for health professionals [52]. The diabetes nurse instructors may be excluded from the hospital; however, they may be the only person providing diabetes education, but this may not be fully recognized by the hospital. It is difficult for a nurse instructor to communicate successfully with the hospital unless there is support from other health professionals. However, loneliness and separation can also result from the nurse instructors’ limited performance space. Although diabetes has many facets, the nursing educator may believe that this focus of nursing practice is highly specialized but needs to be supplemented with additional information [53]. The shift from medical care to the acute management of episodic care to the long-term management of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity, gives doctors a sense that they do not offer significant work to patients but leads to a reduced sense of personal achievement. Qualitative analyses for the care of chronic diseases also indirectly encourage doctors to aggressively prescribe many drugs for conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, with little incentive or reward for the time they devote to counseling, training or helping patients adopt a healthier lifestyle. These difficulties, together with the increasing administrative and secretarial responsibilities, affect the resilience and effectiveness of the physician and contribute to the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization that characterizes burnout [54]. In one study, researchers analyzed the issue of NHS counselors' job well-being and their psychological state in relation to the work environment. An important empirical element of this study is the existence of symptoms of burnout that mediate the observed relationship between job independence and work stress in relation to the symptoms of psychological morbidity of the interviewed counselors. The important role of burnout as a variable is of particular concern given the high prevalence of counselors who are rated as “high” on burnout measures and psychological morbidity symptoms. These results underscore the importance of preventing and reducing burnout and focusing on the progress of attention and autonomy among counselors as an important safeguard plan [55]. People with diabetes will need support from mental health professionals after the end of the pandemic. Many employees working in clinical psychology units have been deployed to support COVID-19 units. Critical work and long-term planning must ensure that diabetes psychologists will be able to return to their original field of work without compromising the availability of COVID-19-specific support services [56]. In an online community of self-identified maternal physicians based in the United States, 16.4% of those surveyed reported regular care or support for people with serious health problems and long-term illnesses.

These maternal physicians had significantly higher rates of depression or anxiety and burnout than other maternal physicians. Female doctors are at high risk for work-family conflict. These results highlight the additional care tasks of some women physicians and the negative impact they have on their day-to-day careers and their behavioral health [57]. Another study found evidence that community health workers (CHW) and federally certified health centers (FQHCs) are building their own property or participating with other community funds to build networks, but they need more transportation and time to explore these networks more effectively and more completely [58]. Furthermore, the literature describes a relationship between workplace injury and the development of diabetes T2DM but without this being associated with aggravating risk factors, such as obesity or lack of exercise. Grouped controlled trials need to be conducted focusing on reducing burnout in workplaces with the goal of randomization to investigate whether stress management and reduction could be a successful means of reducing the risk of T2DM in working populations. Given the potential sample size required for such a test, the most cost-effective way to proceed may be to engage with substitute diabetes risk biomarkers, such as fasting or post-load glucose [59]. An important factor in implementing a team-based service delivery is the requirement for teams to have daily interactions. The care team of doctors, nurses and administrators should gather to comment on their daily schedules, monitor problems, and develop solutions to overcome them. The authors examined whether the impact of a behavioral engagement of leadership training and problem-solving during the daily accumulation process would result in a higher consistency tangle in the intervention arm and result in improved team morale, reduced burnout, and improved outcomes. The authors of this study aimed to provide data on the impact of a behavioral intervention on the application of huddles as a key component of group-based care models [60]. Healthy Work Place (HWP) is a study that proves that work interventions can help clinicians express burnout or even attain professional happiness. HWP interventions focused on the workflow repair drive in communication between vendor teams and chronic disease management programs. Quality development programs may lag behind the clinical life of the clinician while addressing the concerns of clinicians, such as burnout. If burnout is reduced, clinics can focus more effectively on quality-related initiatives [61]. The authors demonstrated that the majority of the medical residents had an acceptable level of stress, and 18% of the medical residents had a high level of stress. Female residents had significantly higher levels of anxiety than male residents, which was detected by multiple regression analysis. Stress was significantly associated with residents of obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, internal medicine and pediatrics in most countries. The specialty of obstetrics and gynecology had the highest rate of burnout among all specialties [62]. SONRISA is a Spanish/English mental health curriculum toolbox developed for promotores (community health workers) who work with Hispanic clients for the prevention and management of diabetes. Promotores and community members from a community-based project requested their university partners to help promotores address depression observed in their clients with diabetes. SONRISA provides training material to address depression and diabetes, educational material for clients, and approaches to prevent work-related emotional burnout [63]. In Iran, the authors studied work stress and burnout in hospital staff in Iran. The rate of work stress and burnout in hospital staff was high on average. Training in problem-solving skills, stress management, budget allocation in healthcare facilities, increasing material and moral incentives for employees on various occasions, setting up sports clubs, providing competent staff and arranging regular meetings between managers and employees can help employees to provide high-quality healthcare services. Work-related stress and burnout can be reduced. Paying attention to staff and managers' preferences can reduce the effects of work-related stress and burnout [64]. High levels of burnout and low levels of productive work, job completion and place of work, as well as social support, are associated with poor behaviors and health outcomes. Exhaustion is significantly associated with diet, physical activity, sleep duration, sleep quality, diabetes, stress, and depression. The value of work, workplace and social support can also be linked to sleep. Sleep can disturb many normal processes and trigger threats of chronic diseases, improving the psychosocial work atmosphere and causing negative effects on public health [65]. Patients with chronic working conditions are more likely to leave work than healthy workers. Interventions and policies to prevent and reduce paid employment should focus mainly on older workers, workers on high sick leave, more burnout complaints, and poor subjective health workers, indicating that their chronic illness limits work or that they receive little support from colleagues. If these supportive interventions and policies give a positive result, the future employment, quality of life, financial situation, and future working capacity of workers with chronic illness can be satisfactorily improved [66]. Difficult patient encounters in the primary care office are common and are associated with physician burnout. A study aimed to determine the effect of difficult encounters on patient health outcomes and the role of physician dissatisfaction and burnout as mediators of this result. Dissatisfaction and burnout were higher among physicians reporting higher frequencies of difficult encounters. Physician perception of frequent difficult encounters was not found to be linked with worse patient care quality or more medical mistakes [67].The transformation experienced by 2 family doctors was compared concerning their practices implemented in the Primary Care Redesign (PCR) team-based model to improve access, quality, and experience without increasing cost. In the pilot practice, compared with reimplementation, there were improvements in total activities and rates of hypertension control, colorectal cancer screening, and most diabetic quality metrics. In the 2^nd wave of practices, total appointments increased slightly when clinicians added pre-PCR and then increased substantially after implementation. Also, initial variables, such as hypertension regulation, improved rapidly after implementation. The 2^nd wave of practices regarding colorectal cancer screening enhanced gradually, then accelerated post achievement, while diabetic metrics initially remained steady or declined, then improved post accomplishment. Over time, all experiential domains improved for clinicians and most remained stable for staff. Clinician burnout was reduced by at least one-half in both practices except during low staffing periods, which also harmfully affected staff [68] (Table 3).